In order to assess the quality of Fariman-Torbat-e-Jam groundwater resources and investigate the factors affecting the quality of groundwater, 26 groundwater samples (depth of tube wells between 70 and 260 m) were collected and analyzed for major ios, nitrate, and potentially toxic elements. pH and electrical conductivity were measured at the field. The type and facies of the samples changed from Na-HCO3 in the recharge zone to Na-Cl in the middle of the plain, and finally to Na-SO4 in the discharge zone. The results indicated the water equilibrium with carbonate minerals (calcite, dolomite, and aragonite); evaporation, dissolution and reverse ion exchange are the natural factors affecting the chemical composition of the samples. The study samples are classified as intermediate to high saline waters (class III, EC between 1300-3000 µs/cm) and are suitable for irrigation crops which can tolerate saline waters. The calculation of water quality index (WQI) revealed that the groundwater of the recharge zone (exposure of limestone rock units) is suitable for drinking usage, whereas the quality samples collected from the discharge zone (exposure of shale and evaporate rock units) is too weak. Calculation of Langelier Index indicated that the samples are not suitable for industrial applications. The Torbat-e-Jam aquifer is polluted with As, Pb (>10 µg/l), and Cd (>3 µs/cm) mainly because of natural (exposure of shales and volcanic rocks) and anthropogenic factors (agricultural practices and discharge of residential wastewaters.

Groundwater is a major source of water. The management of these resources is very important answer for increasing drinking, agricultural and industrial water demands. Management measures need knowing the spatial and temporal behavior of groundwater. According to anomalous use of groundwater resources in this region and considering floods due to precipitation regime with severe rainfall, there is a need to investigate Hydro-geomorphological characteristics of quaternary deposits of Jam plain. In this research, exploration-geophysical surveys of quaternary deposits within the Jam plain was investigated. For this purpose, graphical methods, geo-electric sections draw, and preparing iso-resistance to different depths maps, reviews exploratory piezometer wells drilled within the Jam plain by drawing the logs through the provision of wells and subsurface levels between wells; and finally, hydro-geomorphology relations of quaternary deposits were studied. Results showed that the minimum alluvial depth starts from 30 m in north-western margin at a distance of 500 m east of Jam Forest Park and its maximum depth of 95 m is in the north-western margin of the aquifer and 450 m south of Mehrbagh oil and gas well. The highest hydraulic conductivity coefficient of 2.5 m/day in Jam plain belongs to Gachi well and its minimum of 1.06 m/day is related to Faramarzi well. Investigating the trend of changes of hydraulic conductivity coefficient showed that its rate in the eastern part of the study area was 2-2.5 m/day and decreases to 1-1.5 m/day in the western parts and in the north to south direction it decreases from 2-2.5 to 1-1.5 m/day. The spatial trend of changes in the coefficient of transmission capacity from east to west to the middle of the plain is approximately constant and is located on the floor of 180-200 m2/day, but in western areas it has fallen to 50-90 m2/day. The changes of this coefficient showed no significant changes in the north to south direction till the middle of the plain. But, decreased in the southern parts, which is the result of the reduction of the thickness of alluvium in these areas. Results demonstrated that 4810, 2186 and 5282 ha of the study area belongs to mountainous, hill and plateau and the middle areas between the plains and the mountains units.

Due to the limitation of water resources, the issue of groundwater pollution has become increasingly important. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of groundwater in the Fariman-Torbat Jam plain using the IRWQIGC index and to investigate spatial variations during the period from autumn 2019 to spring 2020. For this purpose, a total of 30 samples were collected, and the parameters of pH, total hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and nitrate were measured across three seasons. Spatial zoning was performed using GIS software. According to the results, the IRWQIGC index values in autumn 2019, winter 2019, and spring 2020 were calculated as 45.60, 36.56, and 34.14, respectively. These results indicate that the groundwater quality in the study area was relatively good during autumn 2019, but relatively poor during winter 2019 and spring 2020. The assessment of groundwater quality at the sampling sites (wells located in Rabat, Sefid Sang, Rahmatabad, Qaleh Gak, Hayano, Qaleh Khaki, Mansourieh, Kushkak lands, Ahmadabad, and Rokhneh Gorg) showed that the best groundwater quality was observed in Rabat, with relatively good groundwater quality, while the worst quality was observed in Qaleh Khaki, Kushkak lands, and Ahmadabad, with poor groundwater quality. Based on the findings, groundwater in the southern and southeastern parts of the Fariman-Torbat Jam plain was more polluted in terms of salinity and hardness, while the groundwater in the northern part was more polluted with respect to nitrate contamination.

Pistachio skin Jam has been a traditional food in some Iranian regions for centuries, but scientific research on its composition and properties is limited. This paper aims to introduce the Jam, address preparation challenges, and offer health tips. In Iran, the Jam is made by boiling pistachio skins with hot water, sugar, rose water, and cardamom. This article details methods for removing pesticides from the skins to ensure their safety. The soft outer shell of the pistachio is a significant by-product, with about 400,000 tons produced annually in Iran. Disposing of this by-product seems wasteful, especially given global food shortages and limited water resources for cultivating pistachio trees in arid regions. The lack of attention to pesticide removal from pistachio skins likely stems from the perception of this by-product as waste.

In the Persian literature the term “Jam” is found in various expressions such as “Jam-e Jam”, “Jam-e Jahan bin”, “Jam-e Jahan nama”, “Jam-e Giti nama” etc, which is linked with Iranian myths as well as Islamic-Iranian mysticism. In this amalgam, “Far” and “Jam” in Iranian mythology have been identified with symbols like “Morghe Vareghan”, water, stone, bead, cup and the like. Finally, through semantic changes, it turned into a code with a number of meanings such as mystic’s heart (Dele Aref), ideal man, the Wise Self and understanding of these mystical meanings depends upon knowing mythological and ritual backgrounds of the term “Jam”.

In this qualitative-quantitative research first the deep structure of the old motif of Jamshid’ s myth that is Jam and sun and the account of the new motif namely cup of Jam is described and analyzed. Then, the extent and the manner of employing these motifs by Khwaju and Hafex is studied. Apart from using the old motif of Jam and sun in Gowharnameh and Gol o Nowruz Khwaju had selected the new motif of cup of Jam in Rowzat-al-anwar, Kamal-Nameh, and Homay o Homayun depending on his intensions whereas Hafez had far more utilized cup of Jam in his Divan. Although Khwaju uses both old and new motifs of Jamshid’ s myth in his poems, yet in average the recurrence of cup of Jam in his works are more frequent. The equivalence of Jam and sun in Gol o Nowruz and Gowharnameh indicates the relationship and the unity of the two in his poetry. If the God of Sun, Mehr in these equations substitutes the word sun, a new equation of Jam and Mehr is produced and this concept probably demonstrates how our ancestors worshiping Mehr had employed the old motifs of Jam’ s myth according to the subject matter and the feasibility of this new equation attest to the flexibility and accordance inherent in myths.

A B S T R A C TThe morphology of each region is related to its landforms, the morphology of flat areas is related to inselbergs. The presence of inselbergs in desert and dry areas gives a special appearance to the morphology of these areas. The study of these landforms and the effective factors in their formation is considered a necessity in terms of regional development. According to the studies, various factors play a role in the formation of inselbergs, and the role of lithology seems to be more prominent. In this research, which was conducted with the method of field and library studies, we identified 18 inselbergs in Safi Abad plain and by studying them, we came to the conclusion that the inselbergs of this plain are mainly formed in sedimentary rocks such as limestone, conglomerate and sandstone. Among the geological formations, the largest and most diverse inselbergs in the Safiabad plain are formed in the mass conglomerate formation with good hardening because this formation is the most widespread in this plain. But the most typical inselbergs of this plain are formed in thick layered limestone. Because this formation is more resistant to erosion. Lar Formations including Limestone and Thick Limestone’s to Mass Dolomite and Delichai Formations have also played an important role in the formation of inselbergs in this plain. Although the extent of these formations is not significant, but due to their significant resistance to erosion and being far from these processes, they have caused the formation of evolved inselbergs in this plainExtended AbstractIntroductionInselbergs are ridges with a height of less than 500 meters formed with a steep slope in the plains. Their resistance to erosion has caused them to be considered capable players in the morphology of arid and semi-arid regions. Due to their uniqueness in desert areas, these areas are of interest to tourists, and the economic situation of these areas can be improved by attracting tourists. The prominence of inselbergs in desert areas has caused researchers to pay attention to their studies, the most important of which are the studies of Pye in Kenya (1984), Nenonen in Finland (2018), Luiza in Brazil (2021), Laetitia in Africa (2019), and Mashaal in Egypt (2020). Although the conditions for inselberg formation are available in some areas of Iran, and these landforms have given a particular face to the morphology of this country, no significant study has been done on them so far. This research attempts to investigate the role of lithology in inselberg formation in Safi Abad plain by using library and field studies. MethodologySafi Abad plain in the northeast of Iran and North Khorasan province and in terms of geographical coordinates between 36-˚ 48-05 to 36-22-55˚ North and 37-57˚ East to 36-˚ 37-08 It is located at 57-58-11 east. Field and library studies were used to study the inselbergs of this plain. The entire region was surveyed in 2 years in the field studies, and 18 inselbergs were identified. Then, the location and extent of their expansion were determined. In the morphometry that was done as a survey, the minimum height, length-to-width ratio of inselbergs, and their distance from each other were measured with GPS. The study of the concepts, definitions, and effective processes in inselberg formation was done with the library method. The maps of this research were drawn with Adobe Illustrator software. Results and discussionInselbergs are diverse in terms of morphology; in the studied area, 18 inselbergs were identified, most of which are mixed. Most of them are rocky and have less vegetation. Regarding lithology, inselbergs are particular forms of igneous and metamorphic rocks, but some are also formed in other rocks. Although lithology plays an essential role in inselberg morphology, it cannot be claimed that inselbergs formed in the same formation have the same shape. Although the dominant lithology of the Safi Abad plain is formed from sedimentary rocks, due to the different resistance of its formations, the height, shape, and slope of the inselbergs of this plain are different in different parts of the region. The difference in these characteristics has caused the different shapes of the land in this plain. According to the studies of the most resistant formations of Safi Abad plain against erosion, limestone is a thick layer of chert mass formed due to the resistance against the erosion of the complete inselbergs.After this formation, the Lar formation consists of fine-grained uniform dolomitic limestone with thick to massive layering, which is more resistant; that is why many inselbergs in the region have formed in it. The third formation in terms of resistance is the Apsin-Albin unit, which includes orbitolinate limestone and thick limes to a mass of dolomite. Although this unit has a small area, its inselbergs are closer to typical inselbergs. In terms of area, most of the area is composed of mass conglomerates with good hardening. Due to the different effects of this formation from different processes, its inselbergs do not have the same morphology. The inselbergs formed in this formation are in the middle part of the high area, low in the southern part, incomplete in the western part, and incomplete mushrooms in the path of the Gerati River. After this formation, gray shales are the most resistant to erosion. This formation, which belongs to the Jurassic period, has formed a large part of the northeastern inselbergs. The alternation of limestone and marl in the Delichai formations in the middle part of the region provides the basis for the formation of mushroom-shaped inselbergs in the future. ConclusionSafiabad plain is in the northeast of Iran, and in terms of geomorphological units, it is part of central Iran. Inselbergs form part of the morphology of this plain. In this study, 18 inselbergs were identified in this plain, and their detailed study showed that their primary skeleton was established by tectonic activities in the Devonian to Miocene period with the formation of Posht Bahram mountains. It was formed when the tectonic activities calmed down and in opposition to the lithology and erosion of the inselbergs of this plain. In terms of lithology, the well-hardened conglomerate formation covers nearly 47% of this plain, and due to its large size and different distances from erosion processes, various inselbergs have been formed in it. The southern inselbergs formed in this formation have a regular shape due to wind and blue erosion. In contrast, the middle inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the distance from higher erosion, and the western inselbergs have an incomplete shape due to the superiority of blue erosion. Another formation that plays a vital role in this field is Lar Mei Formation. Although this is the second formation in terms of size and strength, many inselbergs have formed in it. The Shemshak formation is placed after the Lar formation in terms of resistance. This formation has caused the formation of chain inselbergs in the northeast of the region. The most typical inselbergs of the region are observed in the thick layered limestones of the formation (Maastrichtian). Also, this research found that inselbergs may be formed in all flat areas of the world and even in sedimentary formations. However, the inselbergs formed are far from those formed in tropical regions' igneous and metamorphic formations. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionThe authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestThe authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

In Persian mythology, Jame-Jam (the cup of Jamshid, Jam-e Kei-khosrow) is the symbol of prediction that was for long possessed by the rulers of ancient Greater Iran. It was believed that one could observe all the four corners of the universe by looking into it. Monjik of Tirmazi, the poet of the 4th century A.H., was the first to coin the term "Saghare Jam" (goblet of Jam) and after that it has been the subject of many Persian poems and stories.The present article tries to show the process of changing the concept of Jame-Jam in Persian literature.

Awḥadi Maraghe'i, an Iranian Sufi poet, flourished primarily in Azerbaijan during the Ilkhanate period. His magnum opus, Jam-e Jam, is an unparalleled masterpiece of Persian literature, celebrated for its profound engagement with ethical, social, mystical, and philosophical themes. As a quintessential representation of medieval Persian literature, this work holds immense historical significance. It is widely regarded as his most distinguished and renowned composition, also known as Jam-e Jahannama (The World-Revealing Cup). Composed in 733 AH (1333 CE) and comprising 5,000 verses, Jam-e Jam reflects the poet’s adept use of anecdotes to articulate and reinforce its themes. While Awḥadi drew inspiration from Sanai’s Hadiqat al-Haqiqa (The Garden of Truth), his work distinguishes itself through its coherent and meticulously organized structure. In Jam-e Jam, Awḥadi assembled 133 mystical and didactic poems, elevating his work to a position of prominence in political, social, and religious discourse, surpassing Sanai’s Hadiqa, which contains approximately 70 such poems. From a structural perspective, this masnavi can be analyzed through various linguistic elements, including phonological, syntactic, semantic, and lexical features. Furthermore, its narrative components—such as plot, characterization, narrative voice, tone, and setting—are subject to detailed exploration. Every literary text is composed of multiple interwoven systems or structures, including lexical, linguistic, and textual frameworks, with its meaning emerging from the dynamic interplay and tensions among these systems. Each of these systems operates according to its own rules and patterns, allowing for independent and systematic analysis.